理解NAND闪存信道由于不断增加的密度和从写入和读取机制而产生的复杂扭曲而变得越来越具有挑战性。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种数据驱动的生成建模方法来表征闪存通道。学习模型可以基于小区的节目级别和其周围的单元阵列重建来自单个存储器单元的读取电压。实验结果表明，重建读取电压的统计分布精确地反映了商业闪存芯片上的测量分布，定性和通过总变化距离量化。此外，我们观察到学习模型可以捕获精确的小区间干扰（ICI）效应，如通过字线和位线的特定模式的误差概率比较所验证。

Migraine is a high-prevalence and disabling neurological disorder. However, information migraine management in real-world settings could be limited to traditional health information sources. In this paper, we (i) verify that there is substantial migraine-related chatter available on social media (Twitter and Reddit), self-reported by migraine sufferers; (ii) develop a platform-independent text classification system for automatically detecting self-reported migraine-related posts, and (iii) conduct analyses of the self-reported posts to assess the utility of social media for studying this problem. We manually annotated 5750 Twitter posts and 302 Reddit posts. Our system achieved an F1 score of 0.90 on Twitter and 0.93 on Reddit. Analysis of information posted by our 'migraine cohort' revealed the presence of a plethora of relevant information about migraine therapies and patient sentiments associated with them. Our study forms the foundation for conducting an in-depth analysis of migraine-related information using social media data.

Collecting large-scale medical datasets with fully annotated samples for training of deep networks is prohibitively expensive, especially for 3D volume data. Recent breakthroughs in self-supervised learning (SSL) offer the ability to overcome the lack of labeled training samples by learning feature representations from unlabeled data. However, most current SSL techniques in the medical field have been designed for either 2D images or 3D volumes. In practice, this restricts the capability to fully leverage unlabeled data from numerous sources, which may include both 2D and 3D data. Additionally, the use of these pre-trained networks is constrained to downstream tasks with compatible data dimensions. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for unsupervised joint learning on 2D and 3D data modalities. Given a set of 2D images or 2D slices extracted from 3D volumes, we construct an SSL task based on a 2D contrastive clustering problem for distinct classes. The 3D volumes are exploited by computing vectored embedding at each slice and then assembling a holistic feature through deformable self-attention mechanisms in Transformer, allowing incorporating long-range dependencies between slices inside 3D volumes. These holistic features are further utilized to define a novel 3D clustering agreement-based SSL task and masking embedding prediction inspired by pre-trained language models. Experiments on downstream tasks, such as 3D brain segmentation, lung nodule detection, 3D heart structures segmentation, and abnormal chest X-ray detection, demonstrate the effectiveness of our joint 2D and 3D SSL approach. We improve plain 2D Deep-ClusterV2 and SwAV by a significant margin and also surpass various modern 2D and 3D SSL approaches.

Modern machine learning pipelines, in particular those based on deep learning (DL) models, require large amounts of labeled data. For classification problems, the most common learning paradigm consists of presenting labeled examples during training, thus providing strong supervision on what constitutes positive and negative samples. This constitutes a major obstacle for the development of DL models in radiology--in particular for cross-sectional imaging (e.g., computed tomography [CT] scans)--where labels must come from manual annotations by expert radiologists at the image or slice-level. These differ from examination-level annotations, which are coarser but cheaper, and could be extracted from radiology reports using natural language processing techniques. This work studies the question of what kind of labels should be collected for the problem of intracranial hemorrhage detection in brain CT. We investigate whether image-level annotations should be preferred to examination-level ones. By framing this task as a multiple instance learning problem, and employing modern attention-based DL architectures, we analyze the degree to which different levels of supervision improve detection performance. We find that strong supervision (i.e., learning with local image-level annotations) and weak supervision (i.e., learning with only global examination-level labels) achieve comparable performance in examination-level hemorrhage detection (the task of selecting the images in an examination that show signs of hemorrhage) as well as in image-level hemorrhage detection (highlighting those signs within the selected images). Furthermore, we study this behavior as a function of the number of labels available during training. Our results suggest that local labels may not be necessary at all for these tasks, drastically reducing the time and cost involved in collecting and curating datasets.

Chest X-ray (CXR) datasets hosted on Kaggle, though useful from a data science competition standpoint, have limited utility in clinical use because of their narrow focus on diagnosing one specific disease. In real-world clinical use, multiple diseases need to be considered since they can co-exist in the same patient. In this work, we demonstrate how federated learning (FL) can be used to make these toy CXR datasets from Kaggle clinically useful. Specifically, we train a single FL classification model (`global`) using two separate CXR datasets -- one annotated for presence of pneumonia and the other for presence of pneumothorax (two common and life-threatening conditions) -- capable of diagnosing both. We compare the performance of the global FL model with models trained separately on both datasets (`baseline`) for two different model architectures. On a standard, naive 3-layer CNN architecture, the global FL model achieved AUROC of 0.84 and 0.81 for pneumonia and pneumothorax, respectively, compared to 0.85 and 0.82, respectively, for both baseline models (p>0.05). Similarly, on a pretrained DenseNet121 architecture, the global FL model achieved AUROC of 0.88 and 0.91 for pneumonia and pneumothorax, respectively, compared to 0.89 and 0.91, respectively, for both baseline models (p>0.05). Our results suggest that FL can be used to create global `meta` models to make toy datasets from Kaggle clinically useful, a step forward towards bridging the gap from bench to bedside.

The SNMMI Artificial Intelligence (SNMMI-AI) Summit, organized by the SNMMI AI Task Force, took place in Bethesda, MD on March 21-22, 2022. It brought together various community members and stakeholders from academia, healthcare, industry, patient representatives, and government (NIH, FDA), and considered various key themes to envision and facilitate a bright future for routine, trustworthy use of AI in nuclear medicine. In what follows, essential issues, challenges, controversies and findings emphasized in the meeting are summarized.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.

流程挖掘的学科在医疗保健领域成功应用程序具有可靠的记录。在这样的研究领域，我们进行了与德国Uniklinik Aachen医院重症监护病房（ICU）病房有关的案例研究。这项工作的目的是双重的：开发一个规范模型，该模型代表了COVID-19患者治疗的临床指南，并分析观察到的行为（记录在医院的信息系统中）对此类准则的依从性。我们表明，通过一致性检查技术，可以分析COVID-19患者的护理过程，并强调与临床准则的主要偏差。结果为医生提供了改善过程并确保服务质量和患者满意度的有用指示。我们将结果模型作为开源BPMN文件共享。

ICECUBE是一种用于检测1 GEV和1 PEV之间大气和天体中微子的光学传感器的立方公斤阵列，该阵列已部署1.45 km至2.45 km的南极的冰盖表面以下1.45 km至2.45 km。来自ICE探测器的事件的分类和重建在ICeCube数据分析中起着核心作用。重建和分类事件是一个挑战，这是由于探测器的几何形状，不均匀的散射和冰中光的吸收，并且低于100 GEV的光，每个事件产生的信号光子数量相对较少。为了应对这一挑战，可以将ICECUBE事件表示为点云图形，并将图形神经网络（GNN）作为分类和重建方法。 GNN能够将中微子事件与宇宙射线背景区分开，对不同的中微子事件类型进行分类，并重建沉积的能量，方向和相互作用顶点。基于仿真，我们提供了1-100 GEV能量范围的比较与当前ICECUBE分析中使用的当前最新最大似然技术，包括已知系统不确定性的影响。对于中微子事件分类，与当前的IceCube方法相比，GNN以固定的假阳性速率（FPR）提高了信号效率的18％。另外，GNN在固定信号效率下将FPR的降低超过8（低于半百分比）。对于能源，方向和相互作用顶点的重建，与当前最大似然技术相比，分辨率平均提高了13％-20％。当在GPU上运行时，GNN能够以几乎是2.7 kHz的中位数ICECUBE触发速率的速率处理ICECUBE事件，这打开了在在线搜索瞬态事件中使用低能量中微子的可能性。

骨肉瘤是最常见的原发性骨癌，其标准治疗包括术前化疗，然后切除。化学疗法反应用于预测患者的预后和进一步治疗。坏死在切除标本上的组织学幻灯片通常评估了坏死比定义为坏死肿瘤与总体肿瘤之比。已知坏死比> = 90％的患者的预后更好。多个载玻片对坏死比的手动微观综述是半定量性的，并且可能具有观察者间和观察者间的变异性。我们提出了一种基于目标和可再现的深度学习方法，以估计坏死比，并从扫描的苏木精和曙红全幻灯片图像预测结果。我们以3134个WSI的速度收集了103例骨肉瘤病例，以训练我们的深度学习模型，验证坏死比评估并评估结果预测。我们训练了深层多磁化网络，以分割多个组织亚型，包括生存的肿瘤和像素级中的坏死肿瘤，并计算来自多个WSI的病例级坏死比。我们显示了通过分割模型估算的坏死比，高度与由专家手动评估的病理报告中的坏死比高度相关，其中IV级的平均绝对差异（100％），III（> = 90％）和II（> = 50％和<50％和< 90％）坏死反应分别为4.4％，4.5％和17.8％。我们成功地对患者进行了分层，以预测P = 10^-6的总生存率，而P = 0.012的无进展生存率。我们没有可变性的可重现方法使我们能够调整截止阈值，特别是用于模型和数据集的截止阈值，为OS的80％，PFS为60％。我们的研究表明，深度学习可以支持病理学家作为一种客观的工具，可以分析组织学中骨肉瘤，以评估治疗反应并预测患者结果。